The potential impact of the SEN Green Paper ‘Support and Aspiration: A new approach to special educational needs and disability’ on the educational inclusion of autistic children in mainstream education
Keywords:
Asperger’s syndrome, autism, good practice, inclusion, special educational needs
Abstract
Since every child with a diagnosis of autism is assumed to have special educational needs (SEN), any new SEN policy and legislation will impact on their education. I consider why children with autism are more difficult to include in mainstream schools than those with other SEN and what, if anything, is being proposed to address this difficulty in the SEN Green Paper ‘Support and aspiration: A new approach to special educational needs and disability’. I position the Green Paper in relation to current good autism practice guidelines and international SEN inclusion policy; and evaluate other recent developments in UK SEN policy and autism-specific teacher training. I highlight why mainstream teachers need a thorough understanding of autism to successfully include autistic children in their classrooms and conclude that, in order to achieve a positive impact, the aspirations of the Green Paper must be enshrined in law and appropriately funded.
References
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http://www.ambitiousaboutautism.org.uk/lib/liDownload/279/SEND%20Green%20Paper%20response_FINAL.pdf?CFID=2016576&CFTOKEN=48549528 [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
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http://www.autismeducationtrust.org.uk/resources/tools%20for%20teachers.aspx [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
Barnard, J., Prior, A., and Potter, D. (2000). ‘Inclusion and Autism: Is it working?’ London: National Autistic Society.
Batten, A. and Reid, B. (2006). ‘Make School Make Sense Autism and Education: The Reality for Families Today’. London: National Autistic Society
Charman, T., Pellicano, L., Peacey, L.V., Peacey, N., Forward, K. and Dockrell, J. (2011). ‘What is good practice in autism education?’ Centre for Research in Autism and Education (CRAE), Department of Psychology and Human Development, Institute of Education, University of London AET report.
Children Act 2004 (2004). London: HMSO [online] Available at:
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2004/31/contents [Accessed 21 Febuary, 2012].
Connor, M.J. (2001). ‘Examples of Inclusion in Practice’. Autism: Current Issues (17) [online] Available at:
www.mugsy.org/connor20.htm [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
Connor, M.J. (2006). ‘Inclusion and ASD’. [online] Available at:
www.mugsy.org/connor72.htm [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
Council for Disabled Children (2011). ‘Support and Aspiration: a new approach to special educational needs and disability. A response from the Council for Disabled Children’. [online] Available at:
http://www.councilfordisabledchildren.org.uk/media/90747/CDC_response_SEND_Green_Paper.pdf [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
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https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/standard/publicationdetail/page1/CM%207980 [Accessed, 21 February, 2012].
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European Agency for the Development of Special Needs Education (2010a). ‘International Key Documents and Statements’. [online] Available at:
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House of Commons Education and Skills Committee (2006). ‘Special Educational Needs: Third Report of Session 2005-2006’. London: HMSO. [online] Available at:
http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmeduski/478/47802.htm [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
Humphrey, N. (2008). ‘Including pupils with autistic spectrum disorders in mainstream schools’. Autism Spectrum and Inclusion: NASEN. Oxford: Blackwell.
Humphrey, N. and Lewis, S. (2008). ‘What does inclusion mean for pupils on the autistic spectrum in mainstream secondary schools’? Journal of Research in S.E.N. 8 (3): 132-140.
Jacobsen, P. (2004). ‘A Brief Overview of the Principles of Psychotherapy with Asperger’s Syndrome’. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry Vol. 9 (4): pp. 567-578. London: Sage
Jones, G., English, A., Guldberg, K., Jordan, R., Richardson, P. and Waltz, M. (2009). ‘Educational Provision for Children and Young People on the Autism Spectrum Living in England: a Review of Current Practice, Issues and Challenges. Summary Report 2 for Professionals and Providers of Services’. [online] Available at: http://www.autismeducationtrust.org.uk/~/media/AET/Assets/Global/PDFs/New% 20pdfs/AET_SummaryReport2.ashx [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
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Jordan, R. (2005). ‘Managing autism and Asperger’s syndrome in current educational provision’. Pediatric Rehabilitation, April, 8 (2): pp.104-112.
Jordan, R. (2008). ‘Autistic Spectrum Disorders: a challenge and a model for inclusion in education’. The Guildford Lecture: NASEN. Oxhford: Blackwell.
MacBeath, J., Galton, M., Stewart, A. S., MacBeth, A. and Page, C. (2006). ‘The Costs of Inclusion: a study of inclusion policy and practice in English primary, secondary, and special schools’. Commissioned and funded by the National Union of Teachers. 2006. [online] Available at:
http://www.educ.cam.ac.uk/people/staff/galton/Costs_of_Inclusion_Final.pdf [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
Myles, B.S. and Simpson, R.L. (2001). ‘Effective Practices for Students with Asperger Syndrome’. Focus on Exceptional Children, 34 (3), Nov.
Myles, B.S. and Simpson, R.L. (2002). ‘Students with Asperger Syndrome: Implications for Counselors’. Counseling and Human Development. 34 (7).
National Autistic Society (2011). ‘NAS Consultation Response SEN Green Paper’. [online] Available at:
http://www.autism.org.uk/global/content/search%20results.aspx?q=sen%20green%20paper [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
National Parent Partnership (2011). ‘Response to Green Paper’. [online] Available at:
http://www.councilfordisabledchildren.org.uk [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
Nind, M. and Wearmouth, J. (2006). ‘Including children with special educational needs in mainstream classrooms: implications for pedagogy from a systematic review’. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, Vol. 6 (3), pp.116-124.
Office for National Statistics (2009). ‘Life Opportunities Survey: Interim Results, 2009/10’. [online] Available at:
http://odi.dwp.gov.uk/disability-statistics-and-research/life-opportunities-survey.php [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
Parsons, S., Lewis, A., Davison, I., Ellins, J. and Robertson, C. (2009). ‘Satisfaction with educational provision for children with SEN or disabilities: a national postal survey of the views of parents in Great Britain’. Educational Review, 61 (1), pp.19–47.
Parsons, S., Guldberg, K., MacLeod, A., Jones, G., Prunty, A. and Balfe, T. (2011). ‘International review of the evidence on best practice in educational provision for children on the autism spectrum’. European Journal of Special Needs Education. Vol. 26. (1). Feb. p.47-63.
Pearson, S. (2007). ‘Preparing for inclusive education: the pre-course experiences of prospective secondary school teachers on a UK-based training course’. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs. Vol.7 (2). pp.124-135.
Postnote. (2008). Feb. No. 302 autism p.3. [online] Available at:
http://www.parliament.uk/documents/post/postpn302.pdf [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
Powell, S. and Jordan, R. (1991). ‘A psychological perspective on identifying and meeting the needs of exceptional pupils’. School Psychology International. Vol. 12, pp. 315-327. London: Sage.
Safran, J. (2002). ‘Supporting students with Asperger’s Syndrome in general education’. Teaching exceptional children, May/Jun 2002, Vol. 34, (5). ProQuest Education Journals. p. 60.
SENLegal (2011). ‘Response to the Green Paper’. [online] Available at:
http://www.senlegal.co.uk/green paper.html [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
Slee, R. (2000). ‘Inclusion in Practice: Does practice make perfect?’ Educational Review, Vol. 53, (2), 2001.
Special Educational Consortium (Council for Disabled Children) Response (2011). [online] Available at:
http://www.transitioninfonetwork.org.uk/resources/policy and guidance/current developments/sen and disability green paper.aspx [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 (2001). London: HMSO. [online] Available at:
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2001/10/contents [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (2005). ‘Guidelines for Inclusion: Ensuring Access to Education for All’. Paris: UNESCO. [online] Available at:
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001402/140224e.pdf [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (2011). UNESCO and EDUCATION: ‘Everyone has the right to education’. [online] Available at:
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002127/212715e.pdf [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
Watkins, A. (Ed) (2007). ‘Assessment in Inclusive Settings: Key Issues for Policy and Practice’. Odense, Denmark: EADSNE.
Whitaker, P. (2002). ‘Supporting families of pre-school children with autism: what parents want and what helps’. Autism (6), pp. 411-426.
Whitaker, P. (2007). ‘Provision for youngsters with autism spectrum disorders in mainstream schools: what parents say – and what parents want’. British Journal of Special Education, Vol. 34, (3), pp.170-178.
Wilkinson, K. and Twist, L. (2010). ‘Autism and Educational Assessment: UK Policy and Practice’. Slough: NFER.
http://www.ambitiousaboutautism.org.uk/lib/liDownload/279/SEND%20Green%20Paper%20response_FINAL.pdf?CFID=2016576&CFTOKEN=48549528 [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text revision), Washington DC: Author.
Autism Education Trust (2011). ‘Tools for Teachers: Practical resources for classroom success.’ [online] Available at:
http://www.autismeducationtrust.org.uk/resources/tools%20for%20teachers.aspx [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
Barnard, J., Prior, A., and Potter, D. (2000). ‘Inclusion and Autism: Is it working?’ London: National Autistic Society.
Batten, A. and Reid, B. (2006). ‘Make School Make Sense Autism and Education: The Reality for Families Today’. London: National Autistic Society
Charman, T., Pellicano, L., Peacey, L.V., Peacey, N., Forward, K. and Dockrell, J. (2011). ‘What is good practice in autism education?’ Centre for Research in Autism and Education (CRAE), Department of Psychology and Human Development, Institute of Education, University of London AET report.
Children Act 2004 (2004). London: HMSO [online] Available at:
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2004/31/contents [Accessed 21 Febuary, 2012].
Connor, M.J. (2001). ‘Examples of Inclusion in Practice’. Autism: Current Issues (17) [online] Available at:
www.mugsy.org/connor20.htm [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
Connor, M.J. (2006). ‘Inclusion and ASD’. [online] Available at:
www.mugsy.org/connor72.htm [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
Council for Disabled Children (2011). ‘Support and Aspiration: a new approach to special educational needs and disability. A response from the Council for Disabled Children’. [online] Available at:
http://www.councilfordisabledchildren.org.uk/media/90747/CDC_response_SEND_Green_Paper.pdf [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
Department for Children Schools and Families (2009). Inclusion Development Programme Primary and Secondary: ‘Supporting pupils on the autism spectrum’. Nottingham: DCFS.
Department for Children Schools and Families (2010). Assessment for All [online] Available at: http://nationalstrategies.standards.dcsf.gov.uk/node/253403?uc=force_uj [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
Department for Education (2004). ‘Every Child Matters: Change for Children’. [online] Available at:
https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/standard/publicationdetail/page1/DfES/1081/2004 [Accessed, 21 February, 2012].
Department for Education (2010a). ‘The Importance of Teaching – The Schools White Paper - 2010’. [online] Available at:
https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/standard/publicationdetail/page1/CM%207980 [Accessed, 21 February, 2012].
Department for Education (2010b). ‘Special Educational Needs Statistical First Release’. [online] Available at:
http://www.education.gov.uk/rsgateway/DB/SFR/s000939/index.shtml [Accessed, 21 February, 2012].
Department for Education (2011a). ‘Support and aspiration: A new approach to special educational needs and disability - A consultation’. [online] Available at:
https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/standard/publicationDetail/Page1/CM%208027 [Accessed, 21 February, 2012].
Department for Education (2011b). ‘Pupil Premium: What you need to know’. [online] Available at:
http://www.education.gov.uk/schools/pupilsupport/premium/a0076063/pupil-premium-what-you-need-to-know [Accessed, 21 February, 2012].
Department for Education (2011c). ‘Other underperforming groups and the Pupil Premium’. [online] Available at:
http://www.education.gov.uk/schools/pupilsupport/premium/a0076083/underperforming [Accessed, 21 February, 2012].
Department for Education and Skills (2001). ‘Code of Practice on the Identification and Assessment of Pupils with Special Educational Needs’. London: DFES.
Department for Education and Skills and Department of Health (2002). ‘Autistic Spectrum Disorders Good Practice Guidance’. London: DH. [online] Available at:
https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/standard/publicationDetail/Page1/DfES%200597%202002 [Accessed, 21 February, 2012].
Department for Education and Skills (2004a). ‘Removing Barriers to Achievement: The Governments Strategy for SEN’. [online] Available at:
https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/standard/publicationDetail/Page1/DfES%200117%202004 [Accessed, 21 February, 2012].
Department for Education and Skills (2004b). ‘The Assessment for Learning Strategy’. [online] Available at:
http://www.essex.gov.uk/Business-Partners/Partners/Schools/One-to-one-tuition/Documents/DCSF-00341-2008.pdf [Accessed, 21 February, 2012].
Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (1995). London: HMSO.
[online] Available at:
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1995/50/contents/enacted [Accessed, 21 February, 2012].
Disability Equality Duty (2006). London: HMSO. [online] Available at:
http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/www.direct.gov.uk/en/disabledpeople/rightsandobligations/disabilityrights/dg_10038105 [Accessed, 21 February, 2012].
Dybvik, A. (2003). ‘Autism and the inclusion mandate’. Western Wisconsin: Speech and Language Pathology and Autism Resources Service. [online] Available at:
http://educationnext.org/autismandtheinclusionmandate/ [Accessed, 21 February, 2012].
European Agency for the Development of Special Needs Education (2010a). ‘International Key Documents and Statements’. [online] Available at:
http://www.european-agency.org/about-us/key-documents [Accessed, 21 February, 2012].
European Agency for the Development of Special Needs Education (2010b). ‘Assessment for Learning and Pupils with Special Educational Needs’. [online] Available at:
http://www.european-agency.org/agency-projects/assessment-in-inclusive-settings/assessment-in-inclusive-education-files/assessment-phase-2-files/assessment-for-Learning-full-paper.pdf [Accessed, 21 February, 2012].
European Agency for the Development of Special Needs Education (2010c). Conclusions of the International Conference: ‘Inclusive Education: A way to promote Social Cohesion’ [online] Available at:
http://www.european-agency.org/publications/flyers/madrid-international-conference-conclusions/inclusive-education-in-action-flyer [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
Equality Act (2006) ‘Chapter 3’. London: HMSO. [online] Available at:
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/3/pdfs/ukpga_20060003_en.pdf [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
House of Commons Education and Skills Committee (2006). ‘Special Educational Needs: Third Report of Session 2005-2006’. London: HMSO. [online] Available at:
http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmeduski/478/47802.htm [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
Humphrey, N. (2008). ‘Including pupils with autistic spectrum disorders in mainstream schools’. Autism Spectrum and Inclusion: NASEN. Oxford: Blackwell.
Humphrey, N. and Lewis, S. (2008). ‘What does inclusion mean for pupils on the autistic spectrum in mainstream secondary schools’? Journal of Research in S.E.N. 8 (3): 132-140.
Jacobsen, P. (2004). ‘A Brief Overview of the Principles of Psychotherapy with Asperger’s Syndrome’. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry Vol. 9 (4): pp. 567-578. London: Sage
Jones, G., English, A., Guldberg, K., Jordan, R., Richardson, P. and Waltz, M. (2009). ‘Educational Provision for Children and Young People on the Autism Spectrum Living in England: a Review of Current Practice, Issues and Challenges. Summary Report 2 for Professionals and Providers of Services’. [online] Available at: http://www.autismeducationtrust.org.uk/~/media/AET/Assets/Global/PDFs/New% 20pdfs/AET_SummaryReport2.ashx [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
Jordan, R. (2003). ‘School-based intervention for children with specific learning difficulties’. In M. Prior (Ed.), ‘Learning and Behaviour Problems in Asperger Syndrome’ (pp. 212-243). New York: Guildford Press.
Jordan, R. (2005). ‘Managing autism and Asperger’s syndrome in current educational provision’. Pediatric Rehabilitation, April, 8 (2): pp.104-112.
Jordan, R. (2008). ‘Autistic Spectrum Disorders: a challenge and a model for inclusion in education’. The Guildford Lecture: NASEN. Oxhford: Blackwell.
MacBeath, J., Galton, M., Stewart, A. S., MacBeth, A. and Page, C. (2006). ‘The Costs of Inclusion: a study of inclusion policy and practice in English primary, secondary, and special schools’. Commissioned and funded by the National Union of Teachers. 2006. [online] Available at:
http://www.educ.cam.ac.uk/people/staff/galton/Costs_of_Inclusion_Final.pdf [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
Myles, B.S. and Simpson, R.L. (2001). ‘Effective Practices for Students with Asperger Syndrome’. Focus on Exceptional Children, 34 (3), Nov.
Myles, B.S. and Simpson, R.L. (2002). ‘Students with Asperger Syndrome: Implications for Counselors’. Counseling and Human Development. 34 (7).
National Autistic Society (2011). ‘NAS Consultation Response SEN Green Paper’. [online] Available at:
http://www.autism.org.uk/global/content/search%20results.aspx?q=sen%20green%20paper [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
National Parent Partnership (2011). ‘Response to Green Paper’. [online] Available at:
http://www.councilfordisabledchildren.org.uk [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
Nind, M. and Wearmouth, J. (2006). ‘Including children with special educational needs in mainstream classrooms: implications for pedagogy from a systematic review’. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, Vol. 6 (3), pp.116-124.
Office for National Statistics (2009). ‘Life Opportunities Survey: Interim Results, 2009/10’. [online] Available at:
http://odi.dwp.gov.uk/disability-statistics-and-research/life-opportunities-survey.php [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
Parsons, S., Lewis, A., Davison, I., Ellins, J. and Robertson, C. (2009). ‘Satisfaction with educational provision for children with SEN or disabilities: a national postal survey of the views of parents in Great Britain’. Educational Review, 61 (1), pp.19–47.
Parsons, S., Guldberg, K., MacLeod, A., Jones, G., Prunty, A. and Balfe, T. (2011). ‘International review of the evidence on best practice in educational provision for children on the autism spectrum’. European Journal of Special Needs Education. Vol. 26. (1). Feb. p.47-63.
Pearson, S. (2007). ‘Preparing for inclusive education: the pre-course experiences of prospective secondary school teachers on a UK-based training course’. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs. Vol.7 (2). pp.124-135.
Postnote. (2008). Feb. No. 302 autism p.3. [online] Available at:
http://www.parliament.uk/documents/post/postpn302.pdf [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
Powell, S. and Jordan, R. (1991). ‘A psychological perspective on identifying and meeting the needs of exceptional pupils’. School Psychology International. Vol. 12, pp. 315-327. London: Sage.
Safran, J. (2002). ‘Supporting students with Asperger’s Syndrome in general education’. Teaching exceptional children, May/Jun 2002, Vol. 34, (5). ProQuest Education Journals. p. 60.
SENLegal (2011). ‘Response to the Green Paper’. [online] Available at:
http://www.senlegal.co.uk/green paper.html [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
Slee, R. (2000). ‘Inclusion in Practice: Does practice make perfect?’ Educational Review, Vol. 53, (2), 2001.
Special Educational Consortium (Council for Disabled Children) Response (2011). [online] Available at:
http://www.transitioninfonetwork.org.uk/resources/policy and guidance/current developments/sen and disability green paper.aspx [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 (2001). London: HMSO. [online] Available at:
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2001/10/contents [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (2005). ‘Guidelines for Inclusion: Ensuring Access to Education for All’. Paris: UNESCO. [online] Available at:
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001402/140224e.pdf [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (2011). UNESCO and EDUCATION: ‘Everyone has the right to education’. [online] Available at:
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002127/212715e.pdf [Accessed 21 February, 2012].
Watkins, A. (Ed) (2007). ‘Assessment in Inclusive Settings: Key Issues for Policy and Practice’. Odense, Denmark: EADSNE.
Whitaker, P. (2002). ‘Supporting families of pre-school children with autism: what parents want and what helps’. Autism (6), pp. 411-426.
Whitaker, P. (2007). ‘Provision for youngsters with autism spectrum disorders in mainstream schools: what parents say – and what parents want’. British Journal of Special Education, Vol. 34, (3), pp.170-178.
Wilkinson, K. and Twist, L. (2010). ‘Autism and Educational Assessment: UK Policy and Practice’. Slough: NFER.
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2014-08-20
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